Biography of Henry Clinton, British General

Biography of Henry Clinton, British General Henry Clinton (April 16, 1730–Dec. 23, 1795) was the Commander of the British North American forces during the American War for Independence. Fast Facts: Henry Clinton Known For: Commander of the British North American forces during the American War for IndependenceBorn: About 1730 in Newfoundland, Canada or Stourton Parva, England.Parents: Admiral George Clinton (1686–1761) and Ann Carle (1696–1767).Died: December 23, 1795 in GibraltarEducation: In New York colony and possibly studied under Samuel SeaburyPublished Works: The American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clintons Narrative of His Campaigns, 1775–1782Spouse: Harriet Carter (m. 1767–1772)Children: Frederick (1767–1774), Augusta Clinton Dawkins (1768–1852), William Henry (1769–1846), Henry (1771–1829), and Harriet (1772) Early Life Henry Clinton was likely born in 1730 to Admiral George Clinton (1686–1761), at the time the Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, and his wife Ann Carle (1696–1767). References are that available post his birth date as 1730 or 1738; English peerage records state the date as April 16, 1730, but list his birth location as Newfoundland and George Clinton did not arrive until 1731. Henry Clinton had at least two sisters who survived to adulthood,  Lucy Mary Clinton Roddam, 1729–1750, and Mary Clinton Willes (1742–1813), and Lucy Mary was born in Stourton Parva, Lincolnshire, England.   Little more than that is known about his childhood: what there is comes primarily from 19th-century brief biographical records and the letters and documents left by Clinton himself. When George Clinton was appointed governor of New York in 1743, the family moved there and it is assumed that Henry was educated in the colony and may have studied under Samuel Seabury (1729–1796), the first American Episcopal bishop. Early Military Career Beginning his military career with the local militia in 1745, Clinton obtained a captains commission the following year and served in the garrison at the recently captured fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island.  Three years later, he traveled back to England with hopes to secure another commission in the British Army. Purchasing a commission as a captain in the Coldstream Guards in 1751, Clinton proved to be a gifted officer. Swiftly moving through the ranks by buying higher commissions, Clinton also benefited from family connections to the Dukes of Newcastle. In 1756, this ambition, along with assistance from his father, saw him gain an appointment to serve as aide-de-camp to Sir John Ligonier. Seven Years War By 1758, Clinton had reached the rank of lieutenant colonel in the 1st Foot Guards (Grenadier Guards). Ordered to Germany during the Seven Years War, he saw action at the Battles of Villinghausen (1761) and  Wilhelmsthal (1762).  Distinguishing himself, Clinton was promoted to colonel effective June 24, 1762, and appointed an aide-de-camp to the armys commander, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick. While serving in Ferdinands camp, he developed a number of acquaintances including future adversaries Charles Lee and William Alexander (Lord Stirling). Later that summer both Ferdinand and Clinton were wounded during the defeat at Nauheim. Recovering, he returned to Britain following the capture of Cassel that November.   With the end of the war in 1763, Clinton found himself head of his family as his father had died two years earlier. Remaining in the army, he endeavored to resolve his fathers affairs- which included collecting an unpaid salary, selling land in the colonies, and clearing a large number of debts. In 1766, Clinton received command of the 12th Regiment of Foot.   In 1767 he married Harriet Carter, the daughter of a wealthy landowner. Settling in Surrey, the couple would have five children (Frederick (1767–1774), Augusta Clinton Dawkins (1768–1852), William Henry (1769–1846), Henry (1771–1829), and Harriet (1772).  On May 25, 1772, Clinton was promoted to major general, and two months later he used family influence to gain a seat in Parliament. These advancements were tempered in August when Harriet died a week after giving birth to their fifth child. After she died, Henrys in-laws moved into his house to raise the children. He apparently acquired a mistress at a later point in his life and had a family with her, but their existence is merely mentioned in Clintons surviving correspondence. The American Revolution Begins Crushed by the loss of wife, Clinton failed to take his seat in Parliament and instead traveled to the Balkans to study the Russian army in 1774. While there, he also viewed several of the battlefields from the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). Returning from the trip, he took his seat in September 1774. With the American Revolution looming in 1775, Clinton was dispatched to Boston aboard HMS Cerberus with Major Generals William Howe and John Burgoyne to provide assistance to Lieutenant General Thomas Gage. Arriving in May, he learned that fighting had begun and that Boston had fallen under siege.  Assessing the situation, Clinton brusquely suggested manning Dorchester Heights but was refused by Gage. Though this request was denied, Gage did make plans for occupying other high ground outside of the city, including Bunker Hill. Failure in the South On June 17, 1775, Clinton took part in the bloody British victory at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Initially tasked with providing reserves to Howe, he later crossed to Charlestown and worked to rally the dispirited British troops. In October, Howe replaced Gage as commander of British troops in America and Clinton was appointed as his second-in-command with the temporary rank of lieutenant general. The following spring, Howe dispatched Clinton south to assess military opportunities in the Carolinas. While he was away, American troops emplaced guns on Dorchester Heights in Boston, which compelled Howe to evacuate the city. After some delays, Clinton met a fleet under Commodore Sir Peter Parker, and the two resolved to attack Charleston, South Carolina. Landing Clintons troops on Long Island, near Charleston, Parker hoped the infantry could aid in defeating the coastal defenses while he attacked from the sea. Moving forward on June 28, 1776, Clintons men were unable to render assistance as they were halted by swamps and deep channels. Parkers naval attack was repulsed with heavy casualties and both he and Clinton withdrew. Sailing north, they joined Howes main army for the assault on New York. Crossing to Long Island from the camp on Staten Island, Clinton surveyed the American positions in the area and devised the British plans for the upcoming battle. Success in New York Utilizing Clintons ideas, which called for a strike through the Guan Heights via Jamaica Pass, Howe flanked the Americans and led the army to victory at the Battle of Long Island in August 1776. For his contributions, he was formally promoted to lieutenant general and made a Knight of the Order of Bath. As tensions between Howe and Clinton increased due to the latters constant criticism, the former dispatched his subordinate with 6,000 men to capture Newport, Rhode Island in December 1776. Accomplishing this, Clinton requested leave and returned to England in spring 1777. While in London, he lobbied to command a force that would attack south from Canada that summer but was denied in favor of Burgoyne. Returning to New York in June 1777, Clinton was left in command of the city while Howe sailed south to capture Philadelphia. Possessing a garrison of only 7,000 men, Clinton feared attack from General George Washington while Howe was away. This situation was made worse by calls for help from Burgoynes army, which was advancing south from Lake Champlain. Unable to move north in force, Clinton promised to take action to aid Burgoyne. In October he successfully attacked American positions in the Hudson Highlands, capturing Forts Clinton and Montgomery, but was unable to prevent Burgoynes eventual surrender at Saratoga. The British defeat led to the Treaty of Alliance (1778) which saw France enter the war in support of the Americans. On March 21, 1778, Clinton replaced Howe as commander-in-chief after the latter resigned in protest over British war policy. In Command Taking command at Philadelphia, with Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis as his second-in-command, Clinton was immediately weakened by the need to detach 5,000 men for service in the Caribbean against the French. Deciding to abandon Philadelphia to focus on holding New York, Clinton led the army into New Jersey in June. Conducting a strategic retreat, he fought a large battle with Washington at Monmouth on June 28 which resulted in a draw. Safely reaching New York, Clinton began drawing up plans for shifting the focus of the war to the South where he believed Loyalist support would be greater. Dispatching a force late that year, his men succeeded in capturing Savannah, Georgia. After waiting for much of 1779 for reinforcements, Clinton was finally able to move against Charleston in early 1780. Sailing south with 8,700 men and fleet led by Vice Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot, Clinton laid siege to the city on March 29. After a prolonged struggle, the city fell on May 12 and over 5,000 Americans were captured. Though he wished to lead the Southern Campaign in person, Clinton was forced to turn over command to Cornwallis after learning of a French fleet approaching New York. Returning to the city, Clinton attempted to oversee Cornwallis campaign from afar. Rivals who did not care for each other, Clinton and Cornwallis relationship continued to be strained. As time passed, Cornwallis began to operate with increasing independence from his far-away superior. Hemmed in by Washingtons army, Clinton limited his activities to defending New York and launching nuisance raids in the region. In 1781, with Cornwallis under siege at Yorktown, Clinton attempted to organize a relief force. Unfortunately, by the time he departed, Cornwallis had already surrendered to Washington. As a result of Cornwallis defeat, Clinton was replaced by Sir Guy Carleton in March 1782. Death Officially turning command over to Carleton in May, Clinton was made the scapegoat for the British defeat in America. Returning to England, he wrote his memoirs in an attempt to cleanse his reputation and resumed his seat in Parliament until 1784. Re-elected to Parliament in 1790, with assistance from Newcastle, Clinton was promoted to general three years later. The following year he was appointed Governor of Gibraltar, but died in Gibraltar on Dec. 23, 1795, before taking over the post.

New Public Management Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

New Public Management Bachelor - Essay Example There are primarily two views that are discussed here concerning the significance of NPM as a framework, the argument that there is now a global movement that has resulted in transformed structural changes across the international community and that of adaptive changes across individual nation states, each with a degree of variance depending on cultural and historical traditions and values. In discussing this second view this paper concentrates on the debate surrounding the convergence of NPM across the western capitalized states and does not draw on the models that are emerging throughout the developing nations. NPM reforms started out in Anglo-Saxon countries like the UK, US, and New Zealand and its philosophy has been adopted, to varying degrees, across the developed countries. Comparison of the adoption of NPM within the UK and German Public Sector is put forward to illustrate the extent and variation of changes that have occurred and help to illustrate the usefulness of the fram ework in the field of comparative analysis. Over the past two decades there has been a considerable shift towards from the traditional model of public administration towards what has been termed 'new public management'. The supposed failing of the 'traditional administration' has contributed to the emergence and support of the new thinking. Traditional public administration was based around the framework of bureaucracy. Hughes (2003: 1) provides a useful definition of the characteristics of the traditional model of public administration: Firstly, it was completely linked to Weber's theory of bureaucracy, which advocated the principle of hierarchical and bureaucratic systems. Secondly administrators followed a one way, best way approach that was provided in detailed instruction and did not provide any personal responsibility for results. Thirdly the provision of goods and services was through public sector delivery only. Fourthly there was a separation between the political and administrative decisions and practices, and this took away political accountability of the decision makers. Fifthly, there was an implicit agreement that those working in the public sector did so in the public interest resulting in a strong public sector ethos and set of values. Finally public administration was considered to provide a job for life and this itself created a poor image to those who used the services. Whilst there are those who argue that the reason for the change was simply that the old model was not good enough and there were too many inadequacies (Behn, 2001: 30 cited in Hughes 2003: 5) other such as Rhodes (2003) put forward the demonstrable advantages that the use of a bureaucratic framework can bring to service delivery, for example reliability, direct control, predictability and continuity. However the '3Es' of economic, efficiency and effectiveness were introduced as means to making savings in the huge public sector expenditure, to improve the operational working of the public sector and minimize waste and to increase the chances that any policy implementation would be more effective, therefore indicating that there was evidence to suggest that the traditional Weberian framework could not realize these objectives. The introduction of market competition is also in direct contrast to that of traditional

For Reebok Web Site Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

For Reebok Web Site - Essay Example Now web sites are used not only for promotions but for actual sales as well. Companies are giving lot more emphasis on Online Retailing. Branding itself is an investment in letting the people 'know' about the company. A brand is the promise that a company makes to customers combined with the customers' judgment about how well the company can deliver on that promise.2 Business becomes easier when you have a recognisable brand. With a strong brand, the company doesn't have to sell nearly as long or as hard. For example Reebok itself is a renowned brand associated with sports accessories. Mention the name 'Reebok; and millions of people throughout the world have an immediate perception and expectation of what the company stands for. For an International branding name, company's personality requires to be easily identifiable at every customer touch point, from word of mouth to final sale. It is therefore to be made sure that every bit and byte of packaging, presentations, communications, and marketing speaks with a brand-consistent look and voice. Think of Boeing and what comes to mind is the huge aircrafts. Think of Intel and the association is synonymous with microprocessors. In fact, what these brands have done is to become generic in the minds of customers. This involves not just selling products or services but positive buying experiences. A collaborative effort is a must enroute to building a brand. Advertising campaigns duly supported by PR exercises and philanthropic generosity makes a roadmap for branding. For this very reason Reebok relies on sponsoring sporting events, investing in famous sportspersons as brand-ambassadors and helping the environmentalist campaigns, human rights activities etc. The RE EBOK HUMAN RIGHTS AWARD gives recognition and financial support to young activists who have made significant contributions to human rights through non-violent means.3 The mission statement of RHR foundation states, "The Reebok Human Rights Foundation seeks to promote and protect human rights through grantmaking that is motivated by the principles outlined in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Foundation supports initiatives that generate awareness and motivate advocacy, particularly among young people, to defend human rights."4 It is an established fact that sporting equipment are not made at one single factory, but this job is outsourced to different unnamed units worldwide and thereafter the brand name 'Reebok' is put on the finished product. Reebok therefore takes pride in describing their business practices by stating, "Our commitment to human rights extends to the thousands of workers worldwide who make our products. We know that to be proud of the pr oducts we put our name on, we cannot be indifferent to the conditions in which they are made."

Housing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Housing - Essay Example An increasing number of broken and desolate homes because of desertion by a husband and wife are directly traceable in many cases to intolerable housing conditions. The plane of sexual morality is likely to be lower in areas of poor housing. Self respect is broken down slowly due to lack of privacy and indiscriminate intermingling of the sexes increases the tendency to delinquency. A low standard of housing is one of the important factors in the problems arising of child neglect. Most of the wards of social agencies come from areas of poor housing. Moreover, areas of poor housing do not meet their full share of the tax burden. The rate is already low because of the exemptions to dwellings assessed at less $2000 and collections are not as good as in the areas of better. Poor housing and slum conditions are not local problems. They have become national problems and solutions are needed. Factors that lead to poor housing include institutional racism. This is due to ethnic minorities not being able to access owner occupation. Single people may usually have less potential to raise a mortgage or secure a market rent without being dependant on benefits. Likewise, low income households tend to be marginalized into the lower end of the private sector. The homeless frequently require social, educational and welfare support. They are further disadvantaged when placed in temporary accommodation where poor housing standards and community facilities compound their situation. There is a physical shortage of suitable dwellings since the 1980’s and 1990’s which have favored the private sector as a housing provider according to Bruce (1997). The issue arising from too much demand and too little supply of houses has resulted in increased low quality housing. With benefits being paid to landlords regardless of conditions, there is little fiscal incentive for landlords to invest in their properties. Solution to poor housing Deregulation of rents and tenancies has trap ped many tenants within the sector long-term hence making tenants increasingly marginalized from mainstream society. Such issues reinforce the argument that housing regeneration and promoting healthier housing is not just about living accommodation or unemployment. It is also about the complex interrelationship of social exclusion, abandonment of inner-city areas and current lifestyle that make up the bottom end of the private rented sector. The combination effect of these social issues cannot be stressed strongly enough. Housing and health are both key issues. Access to poor housing generally results from disadvantage which frequently results in access to poor housing and therefore poor health. Economic conditions have partly hidden this fact because there has been much doubling up and overcrowding. If people could manage to secure a reasonably full employment, it is projected that more than 25000 residents could secure better dwelling places according to Coakley (2005). In order t o solve this vice, there have been housing programs established to transform living conditions, improving educational facilities to furnish the human kind to live in better conditions. There were also family therapy sessions to create a better understanding among families according to Linesch (2005). However, these have never proceeded on a coordinated basis of development. Housing measures have greatly fluctuated at the whims of legislative bodies. There are efforts by some government bodies that are dedicated to

Proposing Windsor Boys and Girls Group Learning of Dance and Drama :: essays research papers

I am a six form council representative and I proposed an idea, discussed at length and agreed by everyone at the meeting and also by the students that study dance and drama that Windsor boys and Windsor girls should join together to study these lessons. This arrangement would cover a two-year period- AS and A2 level study. It would only apply to these two subjects however it could work well in other subject areas too. I do understand that some concerns will arise but I hope I can overcome any problems that do come up and hopefully I can persuade you in to this arrangement. I have taken this idea to the head of the department in the boy’s school and also the head of the department in our school. Both departments are very supportive of the idea and think that it would be very helpful in making lessons and productions more realistic. This would be a joint project, the drama and dance teachers will be working as a team and each teacher will mark a joint assessment however, each teacher will be responsible for their own pupil. Having thought this arrangement and talking it through with everyone concerned the boy’s school have offered to us the use of their facilities and equipment as they are much superior to ours. We have also decided that as the boy’s school is in walking distance, we would be prepared to walk to the school to complete our lesson, we would be in groups so it would be safe and also the dance and drama teachers would accompany us in order to reduce cost and facilities. Both schools are prepared to co operate with this p roject. We are also strong willed about scheduling to leave our school in our lunch time and start walking to the boy’s school in order for us to be able to arrive at the correct time so we will be able to begin and finish our lesson on time without having to over run or to make up for lost time because of lateness. Everyone concerned in this idea agrees that this would be a fantastic opportunity as the outcome consists of many advantages. Joining both schools’ together and having mixed gender lessons would mean that the productions and lessons would be more realistic, it would improve the performance to a high standard as everyone would be playing realistic and right roles.

Lower Drinking Age

Today we live in a country that prides itself on being free, although there are a number of people that feel they do not have as much freedom as they deserve, such as the freedom to drink at a younger age. The legal drinking age should be lowered to the age of 18, where in the eyes of the law you are seen as an adult. Many different opinions are opened as the subject of lowering the legal drinking age is brought up. For most, if not all, teenagers in high school a situation that has to do with consuming alcohol has been put in front of them.A lot of the time this type of situation leads to illegally drinking underage. At this point these minors know that what they are doing and that it is completely illegal. When knowing they cannot drink all the time and have an opportunity to they take the drinking up to the next level. This is when the paths of social drinkers and binge drinkers cross and can become very dangerous. When someone drinks too much other people around them realize and don’t want to be in trouble for underage drinking so they tend to leave that person so they don’t get hit by the consequences.That situation is exactly the reason there are so many deaths in result from underage drinking. People may fight for a lowered drinking age for that exact reason. This side of reasoning makes people want the drinking age lowered because teens won’t be scared to get in trouble when trying to get help for a friend or just a fellow partier. There are also many other reasons why the legal drinking age should be lower. Many people say a teen is not responsible enough to drink alcohol so they shouldn’t be allowed to.This argument gets completely erased with the fact that 18 year olds have the ability to serve in the military and can even vote for the countries leader. These two facts alone show that they are responsible enough to make their own decisions as to what the can and want to do. As the responsibility factor gets pushed to the s ide it is then said that someone that is 18 does not have the tolerance as someone that is 21 does. This fact is proven completely false because tolerance has nothing to do with your age.The best way that people gain tolerance is by experience so the more experience you have with something the more tolerance you have. If you start your experience at a younger age while you still have a watchful eye over you such as parents and guardians you may be less likely to mess up because you want to prove to them that you have the ability to live in the real world. With no one watching over you while beginning a new experience you are more likely to make a mistake and pay for it.With more supervision the number of alcohol related problems, as serious as deaths, will decrease. This is proven in other places around the world such as Italy, China and even Greece. In these places the legal drinking age is lower and so is the amount of alcohol related incidents. This fight is not only pushed by th e population of underage drinkers but also by the main places this crime is done, Colleges and Universities. Many presidents from major colleges want the age lowered because the current laws encourage dangerous binge drinking on campus.â€Å"This is a law that is routinely evaded,† said John McCardell, former president of Middlebury College in Vermont. â€Å"It is a law that the people at whom it is directed believe is unjust and unfair and discriminatory. † With a legal drinking age under 21 the regulation of alcohol in colleges and universities will be around. This will help them make sure that less students are getting overly intoxicated. As the colleges and universities keep the number of intoxicated students down with their supervision they also keep the possibility of injuries and deaths down as well.There are also many opinions that are on the side of keeping the legal drinking age at 21 years of age. One of the major and to some the only valid reason for states to keep the legal drinking age at 21 is the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. This act was put into place in 1984. â€Å"The 1984 National Minimum Drinking Age Act, [23 U. S. C.  § 158], requires that States prohibit persons under 21 years of age from purchasing or publicly possessing alcoholic beverages as a condition of receiving State highway funds.A Federal regulation that interprets the Act excludes from the definition of â€Å"public possession,† possession â€Å"for an established religious purpose; when accompanied by a parent, spouse or legal guardian age 21 or older; for medical purposes when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital or medical institution; in private clubs or establishments; or to the sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful employment of a person under the age of twenty-one years by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of a lcoholic beverages†, [23 C.F. R.  § 1208. 3]. †This act helped keeping the legal drinking age in all states at 21 by imposing a penalty if the age were to drop under 21. This penalty states that 10 percent of a state’s federal highway appropriation on any state setting its drinking age lower than 21 will be taken away. That is a lot of money needed by states to keep their roads in the best shape that they can for us driving on them. Another reason to keep alcohol illegal for minors is because of its association with destructive or violent behavior.These behaviors range through a variety of offenses from fighting to robbery to drunk driving. All of which have the ability to hurt or even kill someone without the intent to when first making these decisions. The legal drinking age will always be an ongoing debate in our country. This will be whether the age is lowered, kept the same or even a possibility of rising. People of all ages and backgrounds will fight for t heir honest opinion with this argument.

Buddhism and Hinduism Worldview Essay - 620 Words

Critical Thinking Assignment I. Part One: Hinduism The Question of Origin is answered by the Hinduism Worldview as â€Å"everything has always been in existence and is a part of god† (Weider Gutierrez, 2011). A part of the worldview is that the universe and god is one in the same thing. Hinduism believes that itself has always existed, that it did not have a creator. God is viewed as an infinite, impersonal force (Weider Gutierrez, 2011). The Question of Identity is answered by the Hinduism Worldview as everything is spiritual or sacred in life. Its also believed that mans soul is eternal and when she or he reaches a state of Nirvana, their soul(Atman) will become one with Brahman(Hinduisms concept of eternal†¦show more content†¦Christians view is that everything that exists, including humans, is a result of God, the Creator God (Weider Gutierrez, 2011) . Hindus believe that â€Å"everything has always been in existence and is a part of god† (Weider Gutierrez, 2011). Basically, its G od created everything versus everything has just been. The Question of Identity is also answered differently in both worldviews. The Christian Worldview believes that mankind is a special creation of God (Weider Gutierrez, 2011) . Hinduism worldview on the other hand believes that the mans soul has no beginning, that it is an eternal force in a physical body. The Question of meaning or purpose is answered in two opposing views. The Christian Worldview believes that Christianity is about relationship with God and not simply following the tenants of a religion (Weider Gutierrez, 2011). While the Hinduism Worldview sees everything around us is an illusion, and that you have to have good karma to get out of the same lifecycle. The Question of Morality is answered in the Christians Worldview as Right or wrong are not relative to mans perspective, but are based upon Gods holy standard (Weider Gutierrez, 2011) . In contrast, the Hinduism Worldview believes that morality and ethics(in a practical sense) are how one should act toward itself (Weider Gutierrez, 2011). The Question of Destiny is answering the question what happens after death. ChristiansShow MoreRelatedThe Religious Traditions Of The East Are All Older Than Western Religions1743 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent than in the west. The four major religious traditions in the East are all older than western religions. Each religious tradition can be examined for common concepts and differences. 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