The Role of Propaganda in the Nazi Takeover Essay Example For Students

The Role of Propaganda in the Nazi Takeover Essay The Role of Propaganda in the Nazi Takeover When one thinks of the term propaganda, what comes to mind? Would it bring a positive response? Would it bring a negative response? When one thinks of propaganda in association with the Holocaust, what comes to mind? A positive response or a negative response? Most likely a negative response. Why is propaganda any different from what any political party or regime does, namely to disseminate its views? Is propaganda simply the name we give to views which we do not like or which we think to be untrue? And finally, was the role of propaganda in the Nazis assumption of power overstated? (Daniel Goldhagen, 1996) As many people who are learned in the field of the Holocaust will agree, propaganda played an extremely vital part in the Nazis rise to power, as well as their brain-washing of the German population into detesting all, of what they considered, heretics to the degree of accepting their murders. Validity of the accusations upon which they attempted to justify their action against the Jews was not an issue. The issue in this case was its power of persuasion. Although to achieve this goal the Nazi party deemed it necessary to monopolize the communications, media, and entertainment industries, Germany already had a strong anti-Semitic background. We will write a custom essay on The Role of Propaganda in the Nazi Takeover specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now European anti-Semitism is an outgrowth of Christianity. Since the time of the Roman Empire, Christian leaders preached boundlessly against Jews. It escalated from generation to generation, for as long a the Jews rejected Jesus as their Messiah, the Jews challenged the whole belief system of Christianity. The idea that it was the Jews that killed their savior also evolved from that time period. Along those lines, the notion that all Jews of forever were responsible for Jesus death, for they approved of the crime, would have certainly done it again (according to the anti-Semitics), and had always rejected his teachings. As the Medieval period came, the Christians hatred for Jews further articulated and was brought to a new level. The Christians in the Medieval world saw Jews in twofold opposition to Christianity: they rejected his revelation and were his killers. In addition, church members had much detested the Jews on the basis that they should have accepted Jesus as their Messiah. Consequently, persecution and killing of the Jews became a part of everyday life, leaving many regions of Western Europe without any Jews by the end of the sixteenth century. Entering the nineteenth century, German anti-Semitism went through an acute transformation. It was then that it made its change from a religious issue, to a racial one. Germans naturally detested Jews, and with a passion. Nineteenth century Germans now saw Jews as the symbol for everything awry in their declining economy, even though they made up but a mere one percent of the population. Soon the cultural taboos that had formerly shaped the moral fabric of Germany at the time lost all influence. It was then that German anti-Semitism reached a high point: false, cruel, yet indisputable accusations. Prostitution, sexual degradation and depravity, and the sexual assaulting of unsuspecting German virgins are examples. The Germans also imagined Jew conducting ritual murders. By the time the Nazi party instituted totalitarian control, all that remained was to build on the framework provided by the nineteenth century. A framework which included anti-Semitism being common knowledge, Germans obsessive hatred toward Jews, the common belief of Jews being the reason for their collapsing economy, the belief of Jews being evil and a source of great harm. This new type of anti-Semitism was of a savage nature and a logic that it was necessary to rid Germany, along with the rest of the world, of Jews by whatever means necessary. Already having a foundation for their cause, all the Nazis had to do was execute their strategies. Even before gaining full control in January of 1933, they used all possible methods, and even introduced new forms of publicity, to get national attention and recognition. The Nazi party sponsored mass meetings and pageants, distributed all sorts of visual aids and propaganda, and assumed control of the radio and film industry. Once the Nazis gained control they used all the above means and more to strengthen their totalitarian control on the German population. By means of blatant false claims and accusations, the Nazis made untrue justifications for political and military aggression, as well as enthusiasm toward Nazi goals. Hitler knew how he had to manipulate propaganda to get positive results from the population. In his book, Mein Kampf, he wrote:To whom should propaganda be addressed? To the scientifically trained intelligentsia or to the less educated masses? It must be addressed always and solely to the masses. What the intelligentsianeed is not propaganda but scientific instruction. The content of propaganda is as far from being science as the object depicted in a poster is from being art. A posters art lies in the designers ability to capture the attention of the masses by form and color. The function of propaganda does not lie in the scientific training of the individual, but rather in directing the attention of the masses toward certain factsIt must be directed toward the emotions, and only to a very limited extent toward the so-called intellect. The receptive ability of the masses is very limited, their intelligence is small, their forgetfulness enormous. Therefore, all propaganda has to limit itself to a very few points and repeat them like slogans until even the very last man is able to understand what you want him to understand.And that is the basis upon which Hitler set up his whole campaign. He wanted to aim his propaganda crusade exclusively toward the masses. In doing so they would accept it as a decree. Furthermore, it was extremely important that the material exposed to the masses appeal to the interests of the majorities, and not address itself to just the intellect. Propaganda had to be popular and be geared in order for even the most simple-minded individuals to understand. Equally as important, was the necessity to give the people the conceptual truth, but really only spreading the information the leader wanted to disseminate. .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .postImageUrl , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:hover , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:visited , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:active { border:0!important; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:active , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Deloitte normal anti-Semitism by giving the Jews the title of enemy of the common people. Two elements, hatred and racism, were integrated in propaganda to urge the population to find the importance of ridding Germany of the parasitic/blood-sucking Jew. In Hitlers view, anti-Semitism was a vital weapon in the propaganda enterprise. He insisted that wherever it is used, it has a huge effect, and refused to it disregarded as a political weapon. So began the obsessive anti-Semitic propaganda campaign of Nazi Germany. To achieve their goal, they began using all means of media. Early on, the Nazis began showing very anti-Semitic movies and shows, as did they air such programs o n the radio. They were now getting closer and closer to their goal of having the population detest to the Jews, to the point where the commonly seen distasteful episodes in Polish ghettos lead the people to accept the beating, killing, and liquidation of Jews. The Nazis even got international protests to subside. They aired movies exemplifying the pleasant conditions in the concentration camps. For example, the Nazis broadcasted scenes of a masquerade presented at the Theresienstadt camp. In recognition of the significant role propaganda was playing in the Nazis battle, the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium fr Volksaufklrung und Propaganda) was created on March 5, 1933. Headed by Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi expert in propaganda and a notoriously persuasive speaker, a new generation of radio, press, cinema, and arts manipulation was brought forth. Goebbles ran the department from an old palace which oversaw thirty-two other field offices. He recruited the brigh test, most intelligent young men he could find to work in his department. In the Nazis industrial takeover of Germany, the propaganda machine was then set up into seven different sections, each in charge of the a department:Anyone who produced, distributed, broadcasted, published, or sold any form of cinema, media, press, or literature had to first join one of the departments and then follow all rules of the department head. That person was usually Joseph Goebbles. Naturally, no Jews, non-Aryans, or any of Hitlers adversaries were not allowed to join. Thus, without a license to practice their businesses, all artists, writers, publishers, producers, or directors could not work or do any business in their field. Also along with those quotas, came the prohibition of all Jewish newspapers, radio, and cinema. Part of Hitlers master plan was to have his nation to become the most powerful country in the world; an Aryan nation, that is. Without a doubt, that requires more Aryans. As a part of this theory, the fuhrer, with much assistance form Goebbles, began a new campaign. This time, it was aimed at women. Hitler wanted to encourage good health and child birth among women. There were two things that constituted this: having women take on a nursing, house-wife role and for them to make time for activity, such as sports. However, it would not be easy to entice women to compromise on giving up what they considered to be a trim figure. Hitler needed to replace the traditional fit look for women with a more substantial motherly looking image (refer to doc. pic of woman)The World and the Jews, 1933-1945 84). Workers in the arts industry were urged to use such women in their work. Hitler even granted an award to any German woman who gave birth to six or more children. SS troops were given instructions to marry blond-haired, blue-eyed women who had not yet received the Reich sports award. The family life campaign soon branched off to another important issue, education. For if Germany were to be flooded with Aryan children they had to get the right education and to be taught by the right teachers: Nazi teachers. Therefore, the German school systems discharged all Jewish and non-Nazi teachers. At that point, 97% of the teachers in Germany belonged to the Nazi Teachers Association. Textbooks and childrens books, as well, had heavy military and anti-Semitic overtones. A modern bomber can carry 1,800 incendiaries. How long is the path along which it can distribute these bombs if it drops a bomb every second at a speed of 250 kilometers per hour? How far apart are the craters?Some childrens books even intimidated Nazi members, because they were so biased that they were horrifying. Perhaps the author that best exemplifies this was the notoriously relentless and obsessive anti-Semite, Julius Streicher. Born in Fleinhausen, Bavaria in 1885, Streicher was a German politician and journalist. He was one of the earliest and most extremist members of the Nazi party. In fact, he even participated in Hitlers 1923 rebellion. He is best known, though, for his notoriously rabid anti-Semitism displayed in his books and newspapers. Some of is works include The Poisonous Mushroom, a childrens book, and Der Strmer, a Nazi newspaper. While his works appalled even some Nazis, Hitler was intrigued by his skillful and amusing campaign. With the campaign aimed at children, the Nazis integrated both anti-Semitic ideo logy and encouraged children to join the Hitler Youth, for boys, and the League of German Girls, for girls. Indeed, the enrollment rate was very high, but the storm of children joining the two youth organizations were not all going for their hatred toward Jews. Rather, many saw it as a good opportunity to go camping, make friends (activities which the to organizations did, in fact, often do); in a way, the equivalent of our Boy/Girl Scouts of America Organization. .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .postImageUrl , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:hover , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:visited , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:active { border:0!important; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:active , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Modern Macbeth EssayBillboards, poster, leaflets, and flyers were everywhere. Some were aimed at the adult population, some at children. Most commonly, they were to urge the public to join Hitlers crusade, for there was a job and a place for everybody. The Nazis offered men jobs in Hitlers army. If they were inexperienced, they offered training camps, seminars, and classes, in which they were taught everything from military maneuvers to how to identify a Jew. As effective of the other forms of Nazi propaganda were, the best results came from the media: newspapers, radio, and film. Control of the media was the key to gaining control of the peoples minds. Joseph Goebbles took the first step to assuming full control of the news-wire services. He then merged the different wire-services into the German News Bureau. This allowed him to control the distribution of news at its source. Now that the Nazis had full control of the news circulation in Germany, they began making laws pertaining to it. For example, in 1933, Goebbles instituted the Editors Law. This stated that all newspapers had to go through his ministry. Accordingly, the editors were responsible for every picture and word in their publication, and if Goebbles did not like what was being printed, the editors would be punished. Although, they would most commonly lose their jobs, Goebbles, on occasion, would have the person sent to a concentration camp. His regulations on new circulation so limited the liberty of the reporter, that daily press conferences were often held. There, Goebbles would dictate what should be written in the article and how it should look. Unfortunately for t he Nazis, mu ch of the population of Germany stopped reading newspapers, altogether, for they already knew what would be written. Since Goebbles realized he could not brainwash the people just through the newspaper, he then took over radio communication. By making sure stores kept a plentiful stock of inexpensive radios, a record seventy percent of German families owned at least one radio. If in the event that a family did not own one, the Nazis encouraged gathering in groups at home, at work, and at eating places to listen to the broadcasts. With over a quarter of a typical days broadcasting time being reserved solely for Nazi propaganda, the people became very vulnerable to what they heard. To be sure not one person was without the privilege of listening to daily broadcastings, the Nazis had loud speakers installed all over the country. Goebbles also seized control of the cinemas. Still a fairly new concept, motion pictures were very popular among the Germans. The Nazis began making both movies and documentaries with extremely anti-Semitic messages. There were documentaries that were merely intended for the g lorification of the Nazis, while other were tasteless, explicit movies based on mere blatant lies and biases produced by the Nazis and other anti-Semitic organizations. Some were so anti-Semitic that the actors requested that a telegraph be sent out publicizing that they themselves were not really Jewish. Despite the horrifying motion-picture campaigning, countless numbers attended these films. By now, the German population was predominantly anti-Semitic. Stage one of the Nazis plan was done. However, Nazi missionaries began coming over to the United States. Although quickly deported, they left behind their ideas. Organizations such as the Christian Front and the German-American Bund were formed and strongly supported the Nazis. Newsletters and leaflets were being mass produced throughout the country. Luckily the majority of Americans retained their morals and acceptance of Jews. In their quest for both world and racial domination, the Nazis covered all possible territory/subject-ma tter, and all possible means of accomplishing their goal. They monopolized and strictly monitored all branches of the communications and media industry. By doing this, the Nazis only allowed the people to hear what they wanted them to hear, and nothing more. In the midst of a major economic depression, the German people were both vulnerable and desperate, and the unemployment rate was very high. Thus, many people had nothing else to do beside listen to the radio and read the newspaper. Naturally, there was no commercial or industrial market, almost everything fitting into those two categories was failing, so it was not difficult to take over. Hitlers plan was working very well. Reflecting on the manner in which the term propaganda is used in this paper, it could be understandable why one could see the word as a negative term. Even though the dictionary defines propaganda as publicity to either further or damage ones cause, I am unable to picture myself defining Hitlers publicity scheme as merely marketing, promotion, or advertising. Rather, I see it as a disgusting form of disinformation (See, p. 1). In conclusion, even though the word, propaganda, can be used in reference to either positive or negative campaigning, it is how we have come to, most often, identify ideology which we do not approve of or think not to be true. Bibliography:

Scary Clown Costume Ideas for This Halloween

Scary Clown Costume Ideas for This Halloween In case you haven’t heard, scary clowns are all the rage this fall. The trend has sparked terror all across the country and internationally as people don scary clown costumes at night and head out to terrorize their neighborhood. With a costume this hot, nobody wants to be left out. So if you’re planning to be your own breed of scary clown this Halloween, or even tonight, here are some tips on how to do it right. There are lots of scary clown styles to choose from, from Stephen King’s It to Clownhouse to Carnival of Souls to Zombieland. Here are some top scary looks and how to get them: Stephen King’s IT The hair He doesn’t have the classic Ronald McDonald Hair, instead he has frizzy red hair and a majorly receding hairline. So, you’ll need to cover up your own hairline with a swim-cap or other cap before you don the wig. The face Use white face-paint and lots of it. If you put a thin layer on, your skin tone will still shine through so make sure you pile on the white face-paint to get his look right. The nose He doesn’t have one of those perfectly red noses, instead it’s textured and bulbous. You can get the same effect by covering a traditional red nose with a sponge material and painting it red. The eyes Red contacts can help you imitate his menacing gaze. The teeth This clown’s got killer teeth. And they’re yellow to boot. Look for a set of scary sharp teeth to complete your look and dirty them up with brown and yellow food coloring before going out. Clownhouse There’s more than one scary clown in this film but the lead clown’s look is the best. The hair Again, he has a receding hairline, but with shorter hair than the It clown. You’ll need to don that swim-cap again to cover up your hairline before putting on the wig. The face Use a base of white face-paint first. This clown has triangles above his eyes and he frames the eyes with a black line that goes from the temples and across the forehead which can be drawn in with black eyeliner or face-paint. The nose A traditional clown’s nose made out of rubber, not plastic, will work here. The lips His lips are filled in with a deep red color that goes outside the border of his lips, making for a creepy looking red mouth. Carnival of Souls The hair This guy doesn’t have the traditional red hair. Instead, you can find a dark green wig for the hair. Top it off with his signature purple top-hat. The face Begin with a base of white face-paint. Then draw in exaggerated arched eyebrows with black eyeliner or face-paint. For his creepy eye look, use red face-paint all around the eyes. His mouth has a downturned smile, so use red face-paint or lipstick to fill in and around the lips. Zombieland The hair This clown is also a zombie and has two green tufts of hair growing out of either side and is bald in the middle. The face You’ll have a lot of fun with this one. His zombie look has rotten flesh around the chin and deep unhealed scars across his temples and cheeks. Use a base of grey-ish white face-paint for his undead look. Black face-paint around the eyes will create a sunken eyeball look. Add a turned up red clown’s smile around the mouth with lipstick or face-paint. His bulbous red nose is shiny plastic. The accessory You simply can’t ignore this guy’s bowtie. The enormous blue and white polka-dot tie would make this scary clown outfit complete. Choose your favorite scary clown look to scare your neighbors tonight or to have the most popular Halloween costume of the season. If you dont like clowns, you should check out other Halloween costume ideas to create the scariest costume for the party! Also, you can be even scarier after applying Halloween makeup! image credit: flickr.com

Organization Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Organization Development - Essay Example Referring to the overall impact that individuals, groups and structures have on the behavior of the organizations, Organization behavior is what will eventually determine the direction that any organization takes in terms of ‘development’. There are various schools of thought that revolve around the terminology of OD, but a single comprehensive definition by for Organization Development can only be achieved if we incorporate the behavior, people and processes of an organization through one expression. OD can be defined as â€Å"The manner in which a company would grow over a certain period of time, as influenced by the individual and group culture within the body of the organization, and the interactions between different members. This growth pattern has to be adopted at all levels and it shows the extent to which an Organization can readily adapt to change and simultaneously, gain maximum advantage to meet its objectives†. Through this definition we can understand the end objective of OD as well as the tools and resources which will impact the process. More analysis of the expression tell the reader what will be the benefits for an organization which can make the most effective use of OD in a the most efficient manner. Companies with a robust OD framework in place will be better equipped to manage change and turn external opportunities into advantages for growth. The definitions and the field of OD have been discussed by experts with the help of suitable techniques and theories from applied behavioral sciences and related field. However, the definitions given initially have evolved and changed with the times to meet the requirements of changing nature of organizations. Once considered to be static, structured entities, organizations are now seen as being dynamic, flexible and able to rapidly adapt to changing environments. The explanations given for OD reflect

English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English - Research Paper Example In fact, employee performance remains tied directly to how an organization performs in the market. The purpose of the report was to understand the causes making Google Company not realize its optimal profits. A research was conducted, and the primary methods of collecting data were used. Few assumptions were made to make the research possible such as the companies under investigation had already realized their optimal profits. From the findings, a comprehensive report was made whereby conclusions and recommendations were derived. This research paper therefore discusses optimal profitability issue as it relates to the Google Company. It also addresses the company’s efficiency, productivity, and performance. The following report is based on the research conducted by the Google Company in search of methods that would lead the company to optimizing its profits.  Profit optimization remains an important aspect in most organizations. Therefore, the report seeks to establish causes, which make the company, fail to realize its optimal profits The only assumption that was made during the research was that all the included companies were already optimizing their profits apart from the Google Company. In fact, this was the reason why Google Company collected data from these companies. Collecting data from other companies with optimal profits allows Google Company to establish its own optimal profits platform during its business operations. The entire report covered practices that could lead the company to realize its optimal profits as well as the practices deemed to deny the company its optimal results. The study did not cover Google Company rivals and competing companies’ aftermaths of realizing their optimal results since the research was only focused on the Google as the main company. In doing this research, theoretical sampling tends to remain the hallmark of grounded theoretical methodology. However, qualitative methodology remains

How do people personality changes in places and how it's related to Essay

How do people personality changes in places and how it's related to movement - Essay Example The police officer is seen as a person who ensures the highway traffic situation is under control. The police officer stops robberies and resolves accidents. How the people’s personality change in places in relation to movement. Further, Aaron Taylor (2012,) reiterates that The Red Shoes film shows personality changes are included in movement changes within each of the fantasy film activity. For example, the company creates movie scenes that focus the camera on the main characters, just like in the film, The Red Shoes. Further, the film makers placed the cameras nearer the actors in order to make the audience focus on what the actor does during the entire movie part. With the cameras focusing most of the screen shots on the main actors, the audience will also focus on what the main actor or actress does or does not does not do. The new film making trend reiterates the importance of distance in making each film shot. The new emphasis is to create a maximum 9 feet close distance between the characters and the film cameras. The close distance will ensure that the cameras capture the important personality changes contributing to the effective movement change. With the closer camera shots, the actors’ and actresses’ acts are recorded. Further, James Naremore (1990) theorized that intimate acting generates a great potential of transforming a mere film scene to masterpiece film output. The film directors must ensure that the actors perform their part of the script with precision. The film directors make the camera shots timed to take the required movie parts. The directors institute the shooting script to coincide with the actors’ and actresses’ musical, word, and action scripts. In fact, the there must be a chronological order of camera shots that are time to complete the mental image of the film characters. For example, a close up scene of two persons in silent tight embrace, dancing the ballet parts, persuades the audience to thin k that the two dancers are in love with each other. Further, James Naremore (1990) insists that the careful shading of the film camera’s outputs poses a great potential for the right mix of the film taking of the actors’ and actresses’ facial expressions. Everyone can bring out a sense of organic vision to the filming of the movie stories. Naremore insists that the â€Å"filming of the characters’ movements should be on the same professional level as the setting up of the sequence of film shots. The film shots include zooming in, zooming out, panning, scanning, and making still shots. Additionally, the New York Magazine (1987) the film characters can enhance the changing their personalities by including adjustments to their physical appearance. For example, a change from a finely combed hair to an uncombed hair enhances the character change from the individuals’ depicting of a prior happy character to a new angry film character. Further, a change of the characters’ uniform from a finely pressed one to tattered uniform enhances the characters’ personality change from one who is â€Å"in order† to one who is â€Å"in complete disarray†. Personality changes in relation to gravity. Hattonn reiterated that â€Å"

Functional Structure Of Skeletal Muscle

Functional Structure Of Skeletal Muscle Muscle makes up the largest group of tissues within the body, roughly half the bodys weight (Sherwood). Skeletal muscle is attached to the bones of the skeleton and through its highly developed ability contract, produces movement at joints. A controlled contraction of the muscle enables purposeful movements of the body and manipulation of objects (Sherwood). First it is important to understand the structure of the muscle and how it functions. We will then discuss the factors that control normal growth and repair in the muscle, and lastly explore how muscle atrophy results from not using a muscle. Basic structure A skeletal muscle is made up of muscle and connective tissues, which both play a role in the contracting and function of the muscle. A single cell of a skeletal muscle is called a muscle fiber, the muscle is made up of groups /bundles of these muscle fibers bound together by fibrous connective tissue, and each bundle is called a fasciculus (muscles nerves movement). Another layer of connective tissue binds the fascicule together and the whole muscle is surrounded by an outer layer of connective tissue. (M Muscle fibers Muscle fibers are long and cylindrical in shape, usually extending the whole length of a muscle. They contain multiple nuclei, which come from the fusion of smaller cells during development and formation (ezeilo and Sherwood). These nuclei lie beneath a cell membrane called the sacrolemma (ezeilo). The cytoplasm, which is known as sarcoplasm, is filled with numerous bundles of contractile proteins called myofibrils. The myofibrils contain many mitochondria, energy generating cells (ezeilo and Sherwood). Each myofibril consists of two types of myofilaments namely, the thick filaments (containing the protein myosin) and the thin filaments (containing predominantly the protein actin, but also tropinin and tropomyosin). Summary of the levels of organization in a skeletal muscle (Sherwood) Whole muscle muscle fiber myofibril thick and thin filaments myosin and actin A and I bands When viewed under a light microscope, a myofibril shows dark (the A bands) and light (the I bands) bands alternating along its length. All the bands lie parallel to each other and together lead to the muscle fibers striated appearance (ezeilo Sherwood). The thick and thin filaments are stacked in an alternating pattern which slightly overlaps each other, and this arrangement is responsible for the A and I bands (Sherwood). An A band is made up of thick filaments and the sections of thin filament that overlap on both ends of the thick filaments. The thick filaments cover the width of the A band and are only found there. There is a lighter section in the centre of the A band, where there are no thin filaments, which is called the H zone. The middle portions of the thick filaments are found in this area and a network of supporting proteins holds the thick filaments together vertically. The supporting proteins are form the M line which is found in the centre of the A band within the middle of the H zone (Sherwood). An I band consists of the section of thin filament that does not enter the A band, this means that an I band contains only thin filaments, but not the whole length of the filament (Sherwood). The Z line is the dense vertical section thats located in the centre of each I band. The portion in between two Z lines is called the sarcomere. A sarcomere is the functional unit of the muscle. A functional unit of any organ is the smallest component that can perform all the functions of that organ (Sherwood). Thus the sarcomere is the muscle fibers smallest component that can perform a contraction. The Z line forms the connection between the thin filaments of two adjacent sarcomeres. A sarcomere is made up of the entire A band and the end portion of the I band on both ends. Diagram A myofibril divided into two sarcomeres (sport-fitness-advisor.com) Cross bridges The cross bridges are the section where the thick and thin filaments overlap. The thick filaments are surrounded by the thin filaments in a hexagonal pattern. In all six direction, the cross bridges extend from the thick filaments to the surrounding thin filaments. In addition, each thin filament then has 3 thick filaments around it. The cross bridges are significant in that the binding of the actin of the thin filaments and myosin of the thick filaments happens at the cross bridges, which produces a contraction of the muscle fiber (Sherwood). Muscle contraction and cross bridges Actin and myosin are sometimes referred to as contractile proteins but neither of them actually contract during a muscle contraction. In a relaxed fiber, muscle contraction cannot take place because of the position of the proteins, tropomyosin and tropinin of the thin filament (Sherwood). Tropomysosin and tropinin are called regulatory proteins because they both play a role in stopping contraction from occurring or allowing contraction to take place by exposing the actin binding sites (Sherwood). Tropomyosin covers the sctin binding sites on the cross bridges thus blocking the interaction between myosin and actin which results in muscle contraction. Tropin is made up of 3 polypeptide units which bind to tropomyosin, actin and calcium. When troponin is not bound calcium, it stabilizes tropomyosin in the blocking of the actin sites on the cross bridges. When it is bound with calcium, the shape of the protein changes allowing tropomyosin to slide away, exposing the binding sites, and myosin and actin can bind at the cross bridges, resulting in a muscle contraction (Sherwood). Below is a diagram illustrating the position of the cross bridges, in a relaxed muscle and a contracted muscle. +, power stroke, action potential- calcium link between excitation and contraction Diagram 2: The sliding action of the cross bridges of a relaxed and contracted muscle respectively (www. teachpe.com) Adaptation of muscles to functional use One of the factors that determines the performance of a muscle is the type of muscle fibers within the muscle (N Slow fibers are known as type I fibers. These fibers are specialized in order to sustain a contraction over a longer period of time (MNM). Within these fibers there is an extensive capillary network, which allows it to be oxygen rich. The slow fibers contain myoglobin which carries oxygen, and the fiber is thus red in colour. Energy for contraction is obtained mainly from oxidative reactions. These fibers make use of a slow twitch in response to stimulation and are thus resistant to fatigue. The slow fibers contain numerous mitochrondria which, because of the rich oxygen and blood supplies, can contribute more ATP during contraction. (MARTINI chp10). Fast fibers are known as type II fibers. These fibers contain no myoglobin and are white in colour (MNM). These fibers are larger in diameter than the slow fibers and contain densely packed myofibrils, significant glycogen supplies and fewer mitochondria than slow fibers. The fast fibers use glycogen to obtain energy for contraction. They make use of a fast twitch and produce a powerful contraction; however they fatigue rapidly (MARTINI chp10). The fast fibers use large amounts of ATP during contraction and thus extended activity is supplemented by anaerobic metabolism. Skeletal muscle is able to adapt its structure depending on the functional demands required over time (MNM). The quantity of sarcomeres within the myofibrils and the proportions of fast and slow fibers can adapt and change over a period of time. Depending on what is required of a muscle over a period of time, the fibers can adapt. In training for endurance, some of the fast fibers will adapt and become similar slow fibers and function more like them. During strength/resistance training, muscle bulk and strength is increased through increase in number and size of the myofibrils mainly within the fast fibers. In addition, when a muscle is held in a shortened length over a period of time the number of sarcomeres reduces, whereas if its held in a lengthened position the number increases. This is an adaptation to the length of a muscle that helps from a functional perspective (MNM). Muscle growth and repair Muscle performance is influenced by turnover of contractile proteins. Production of new myofibrils and degradation of existing proteins is a delicate balance, which depending on the condition, can promote muscle growth or loss (signaling atrophy and hypertrophy). The processes of protein synthesis and degradation are controlled by pathways that are affected by factors such as physical activity, mechanical loading, supply of nutrients and growth factors (signaling atrophy and hypertrophy. Muscle growth Protein turnover and cell turnover are the two processes that play a large role in the growth of skeletal muscle mass. In an embryo, cell turnover is the process which plays the predominant role in muscle growth and development. During postnatal growth, the satellite cells (stem cells) are included into the growing fibers and at the same time protein synthesis increases (atrophy hypertrophy sherwood). These satellite cells are significant in keeping the quantity of cytoplasm as well as the quantity of nuclei in the cytoplasm stable. In adults, there is significantly less cellular turnover. An increase in muscle growth is done principally through amplified protein synthesis as well as a reduction in protein breakdown (atrophy hypertrophy). GH IGF1 -AKT ++ size fibers contractile proteins into myofibrils ++diameter microtears Muscle repair When a skeletal muscle is injured, it is necessary for specific cellular pathways to be activated in order to repair the injured tissue. Serrano and Munoz-Canoves stated that activation and restriction of these pathways must be temporarily coordinated in a precise sequence as regeneration progresses if muscle integrity and homeostasis are to be restored (Regulation and dysregulation). After a skeletal muscle has been injured, a series of events happens concurrently to repair the muscle, these are initiated by the release of growth factors and cytokines from the damaged blood vessels and the penetrating inflammatory cells (Regulation and dysregulation). The initial phase of muscle regeneration is distinguished by necrosis of the injured tissue and the activation of the inflammatory response (cellular and molecular regeneration). The inflammatory cells that are released phagocytose the cell debris that is present following an injury. The encouragement of the survival of various cell types, as well as the migration and proliferation of cells, is the role of the cytokines. Following this, there is a phase of regeneration, where there is the activation of myogenic cells which multiply, differentiate and finally fuse together resulting in the formation of new myofibers, as well as the reconstruction of the functional contractile components (cellular and molecular regeneration).. The satellite cells (stem cells) play a key role in this procedure. The satellite cells make use of the necrotic basement membrane as building blocks to guide the new fibers in forming the same pattern and ensuring that they lie in similar positions. The myoblasts fuse to each other as well as the damaged myofiber and thus form the new myofiber. At the same time as this, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are at work. MMPs play a regulatory role with concerns to the extra cellular matrix formation, break down and remodeling (Role of MMP). The MMPs break down the necrotic base membrane components, which allows the satellite cells to migrate and differentiate in the area. In addition, angiogenesis is required to form a new vascular network within the injured muscle (regulation and dysregulation). The final stage of the muscle repair is when growth and maturation of the new muscle fiber takes place. If any of these stages persist for longer than is necessary, the result may be unsuccessful muscle repair. Unsuccessful muscle repair is characterized by continued myofiber break down, inflammation and fibrosis, ultimately, extreme build up of the extra cellular matrix components (regulation and dysregulation). Elaborate? Muscle atrophy Atrophy was defined by Macro Sandri as a decrease in cell size mainly caused by loss of organelles, cytoplasm and proteins. (signaling in atrophy and dystrophy). If a muscle is immobilsed and not used for a period of time, the amount of actin and myosin within the skeletal muscle decreases, the muscle fibers decrease in size and the muscles mass reduces, along with the muscles strength (Sherwood).

Examine the reasons for changes in the educational attainment of males

Examine the reasons for changes in the educational attainment of males and females in recent years (20 marks) For the past recent years girls have significantly outperformed boys in educational attainment and this is due to a number of factors. The GCSE results for 2000 and 2001 shows the degree to which the percentage of girls achieving grades A*-C exceeded that of boys. In 2002, 62.4% of female GCSE entrants achieved grades A*-C, compared with 53.4% of males. Research published in 2003 shows that the gap between girls and boys widens as they grow older. The most recent barrier which is being broken down is that of university entry. The most recent official figures for a gender breakdown in university admission are from 2001. These show that while 43% of all young people entered higher education, the figure for girls was 46.7% and for boys 40.4% Joan Gannod drew a number of conclusions as to why this was. One reason is for the ‘lad culture’ that resides in numerous schools. The attitude that school is â€Å"uncool†, an anti-social culture working against learning. Keith Shipman and Keith Hicks identified that the presence of friends in a group make you work less. That boys saw looking cool as being more important than being studious. Also, Paul Willis identified that working class boys were much susceptible to this as it was the middle class values that were prized in the classroom via the hidden curriculum which influenced the boys into working against the education system. Another theorist, Peter Woods In The Divided School (1979) argued that boys are more concerned with the approval of their peer group than the approval of their teachers. Another further reason is the lack of role models for boys, p... ...he number of girls expressing professional career hopes such as doctors, lawyers, scientists, etc. Sharpe has argued that these changes in attitudes towards marriage and work are factors in explaining why girls are performing better at school than they were twenty years ago. I think that the interactionist perspective for example, Peter Woods is successful in theory, as he believes that it provides information which could lead to better teaching and a reduction in conflict and deviance within schools however this Marxist approach has its limitations and its main focus is from a macro perspective and does not appear to focus on each individual. The relative uniformity of meanings that lie behind what counts as knowledge and ability, suggests that such meanings are not simply constructed in the classroom but rather they have a wider and fundamental basis.